Deveaux
Woods (Niagara Falls) An old-growth forest of
approximately 10 acres is present on the former Deveaux College campus of
Niagara University, located along the Robert Moses Parkway, a short distance
from the Niagara gorge. Here one can "step back in time" to
see what much of Western New York was like prior to European settlement.
The site is dominated by white, red and black oak trees and supports a
fair diversity of shrub, herb, moss, lichen, and mushroom species (Western New
York Old Growth Forest Survey 1994). The site is currently owned by
the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation.
This old growth forest deserves permanent protection.
Flora of
DeVeaux College Woods,
Niagara Falls
New York
by P. M. Eckel
Research
Associate
Division of
Botany, Buffalo Museum of Science
From Clintonia,
Magazine of the Niagara Frontier Botanical Society
Supplement to
Issue 1, January 5, 1986. Used with permission.
Every shrub,
tree or herb in the Niagara River Gorge and Falls area is of historic
importance. The vegetation is the matrix within which human beings have
discovered the soul-stirring spectacle of the Falls, and is an inextricable part
of the Canadian and American national treasure that is the Niagara River. It is
within the forest canopy that the Seneca interacted with the French, the
British, the (Revolutionary) Americans and (Loyalist) Canadians; within its
greenery that economic features developed according to the genius of the
national temperaments of two nations, and the international struggle to
keep the Niagara woodlands took shape in the mid to later 1800's. That struggle
continues.
The Niagara
River is a cradle where species of plants found and still find protection
throughout changes in climate over the past 8,000 years since glaciation, where
boreal and southern species, native and garden varieties take root and persist.
The flora had and has an impressive diversity for such a small area. The Gorge
provides a variety of habitats that attract different species associations:
around seeps; dry, exposed areas (crest of the gorge at Whirlpool Park);
protected areas of late snow-melt (Niagara Glen). There are large areas of
primary woodland (Gorge wall, Ontario side), and areas of woodland composed of
alien trees (old Gorge train route, American side). Within a region where the
primary forest cover is a Beech-Maple- Hemlock- Birch association of trees,
there are significant areas of Oak-Hickory woodlands, typical of more and lands
to the south of New York State. The woods associated with old DeVeaux College,
now owned by Niagara University, is an example of the latter.
Very little
of the original forest cover remains on the American side of the River. Goat
Island, although once considered a primeval woodland, is no longer so. Most of
the woodland at the River's edge at the base of the Gorge is replacement woods
regenerating after denudation to provide a bed for the famous Gorge Route
Railway. Devil's Hole, since it lost its natural spring due to encapturement of
ground water associated with the Robert Moses Power Project, has become more
arid, with a probable loss of species diversity and abundance there. Although
not every area of the American gorge has been examined by the author (e.g. the
area between the Sewage Treatment plant and the American Falls at the base of
the Gorge; the base of Goat Island), I believe it is safe to say that DeVeaux
College woods is the oldest, most unaltered woodland along the entire American
Gorge, including the Falls area, at the present time.
DeVeaux
College woods lies in the City of Niagara Falls, Niagara County, New York State,
U.S.A., in the suburb of DeVeaux (formerly called Suspension Bridge). It is
bordered to the south by Findlay Drive, to the west by the Robert Moses Parkway
and Whirlpool State Park, to the north by a row of high quality private
residences, and to the east by the DeVeaux College building complex, a National
Register property (now owned by Niagara University), this fronted by Main
Street: a major thoroughfare. There are 50 acres of University land, of which
the woods occupies ca. 2-3 acres. The woods is bisected north-south by a fence,
the eastern section belonging to the University, and the western section to
agencies that own the land over which the Parkway lays: presumably the Power
Authority of the State of New York, maintained by the New York State Department
of Transportation. Highway maintenance may be administratively secondary to the
administration of the Niagara Reservation (New York State Dept. of Parks), which
manages Power Authority lands in and adjacent to the Gorge. The woods is again
bisected east and west by an open area of deforested lawn in which alien weeds
and horticultural trees, such as Honey Locust (Gleditsia triacanthos), Black
Locust (Robinia pseudacacia), and endemic weedy vegetation (Staghorn
Sumac (Rhus typhina), Solidago and Aster spa.) have sprung up.
Both woods sections display an interesting variation in species composition,
mainly due to moisture availability, and how deep the soils are overlaying the
dolomite substratum: Red Oaks dominate some areas solely, but to the north,
Maples and Beech begin to increase in numbers. Both sections contain indigenous
species of mature forest in their midst. The woods grow on what seems to be an
old terrace of the Niagara River; the slope of the south section is rather
pronounced. There is a rather crude gravestone at the top of the slope in the
south section commemorating the death of a child.
The historic
geographic extent of DeVeaux Woods could not be determined by this printing, but
by the late 1800's it was a unique floristic area of interest to local botanists
from Erie (David F. Day) and Niagara Counties (Marion Jessup Wright and Edward
C. Townsend of Lockport). Charles A. Zenkert, who, along with Day, was a
researcher for the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences (Buffalo Museum of
Science), also collected in DeVeaux woods in the 1930's. When Day was asked by
the Commissioners of the Niagara Reservation in 1886 to provide them with a
catalogue of the Fall's flora, species from DeVeaux Woods were mentioned along
with those from Goat Island, Whirlpool Woods (presumably at the base of the
gorge, since there is no native flora of the present Whirlpool State Park,
except for what exists on the very Gorge crest), Devil's Hole and Lewiston. The
wood's boundaries must have extended west of the current property limits (the
fence), and perhaps was curtailed by construction of the Robert Moses Parkway
and adjacent lawns by the State of New York in the early 1960's. The occurrence
of some species that cling to the exposed limestone on the Gorge rim, now in
Whirlpool State Park, and which occur in the catalogue below (Rhus aromatica,
Pellaea atropurpurea) may indicate the woodland once extended to the rim
boundary, an area that is now mown lawn with isolated trees. Research into the
past floristic character of this scientifically important woodland will be
difficult since the Woods had no scenic association, as did other woodlands in
the Gorge area, hence popular writings, photographs and other depictions of the
area will be scarce in comparison.
The
following is a list of the species given in the literature as having occurred at
DeVeaux woods, and list of the specimens, collectors and dates or collecting
numbers of plants collected in the woods. These specimens are curated in the
Clinton Herbarium of the Buffalo Museum of Science, where they may be examined
by the interested public.
My own
contributions represent the status of the flora in 1985. It is fairly complete,
but represents only one year of collecting, and doesn't represent all seasons.
This list is offered here with discussion only to bring to public attention the
character and value of the woods vegetation, since the woods is in danger of
deforestation. Addenda to the species list will be published in future issues of
Clintonia.
Many taxa
reported by myself here are represented in 1985 by severely restricted
populations (e.g. Aster azureus (rare), Thalictrum dioicum, Hamamelis
virginiana or WITCH HAZEL), Taenidia integerrima). Further habitat
disturbance will eliminate these species entirely from this woodland remnant,
and perhaps from the Gorge flora altogether. In the case of Hamamelis
virginiana, only one tree exists throughout the area of the Niagara Falls
and Gorge south of Artpark (in Lewiston, New York); Aster azureus has
only been found here, as has Ranunculus hispidus.
A
horticultural program by Niagara University, by the Niagara County Community
College, or New York State Department of Parks, Recreation and Historic
Preservation could oversee the gathering of viable seeds from this stock, grow
them and otherwise assist in revegetating the old, and still significant,
woodland.
The
nomenclature of publications cited below (Day 1888; Zenkert 1934) has been made
to conform with that of Zander and Pierce (1979).
Acalypha rhomboidea Raf.
THREE-SEEDED MERCURY. Alien. Day (1888); Eckel 280685, 1985.
Acer oaccharum
Marsh. SUGAR
MAPLE. Abundant in DeVeaux woods, with saplings, Eckel 270685, 1985.
Actaea rubra
(Ait.) Willd.
RED BANEBERRY. forma neglecta (Gilman) Robinson, Day (1888).
Agastache nepetoides
(L.) Ktze. GIANT YELLOW HYSSOP. Day (1888). Rare in Canada; threatened in
Wisconsin, rare in Minnesota, Argus & White, 1977. Listed as rare in Zander
& Pierce (1979).
Agrostis hyemalis
(Walt.)
BSP. WINTER BENTGRASS. Near DeVeaux College, Day (1888).
Alliaria officinalis
Andrz.
GARLIC MUSTARD. Eckel 2253185, 1985. Listed as rare in 1934 by Zenkert
(1934).
Anaphalis margaritacea
Benth.
& Hook.COMMON PEARLY EVERLASTING. Day (1888).
Andropogon gerardii
Vitm.
BIG BLUEGRASS. Day (1888).
Andropogon scoparius
Michx.
BROOM BEARD GRASS. Day (1888).
Anemone virginiana
L. TALL
ANEMONE, THIMBLE-WEED. Day (18M).
Apocynum androsaemifolium
L. DOGBANE. Day (1888).
Arabis drummondii
Gray
DRUMMOND'S ROCK CRESS. "DeVeaux College woods, Suspension Bridge." E.
C. Townsend, May 8, 1896. Listed as rare in Zander & Pierce (1979).
Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop.
HAIRY
ROCK CRESS. Day (1888). "DeVeaux College Woods, Suspension Bridge," E.
C. Townsend, May 22, 1896.
Arctium minor Schk. SMALLER
BURDOCK. Eckel 72285, 1985. Alien. Woods margin.
Arisaema triphyllum (L.)
Schott. var. triphyllum. INDIAN TURNIP. Abundant, Eckel 305318, 1985.
Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq.
FOUR-LEAVED MILKWEED. Day (1888). E. C. Townsend, 1896, Zenkert (1934).
Listed as rare by Zander & Pierce (1979).
Asclepias syriaca L. COMMON
MILKWEED. Eckel 110485, 1985.
Asclepias verticillata L.
WHORLED MILKWEED. Day (1888). "DeVeaux College Woods behind Whirlpool
Park," Marion Jessup Wright, June 27, 1896. Listed as rare by Zander &
Pierce (1979).
Asplenium platyneuron
(L.) Oakes. EBONY SPLEENWORT. Day (1888). Listed as rare by Zander & Pierce
(1979). Protected by New York State law, Zander & Pierce (1979).
Asplenium trichomanes L.
MAIDENHAIR SPLEENWORT. Day (1888). Listed as rare by Zander & Pierce
(1979). Protected by New York State law, Zander & Pierce (1979).
Aster azureus Lindl.
SKY-BLUE ASTER. Day (1888). Listed as rare by Zander &,Pierce (1979). A
small population was found in the down-river woods section, Eckel 132285, 1985.
Aster cordifolius L. HEART
LEAVED ASTER. Day (1888).
Aster ericoides L. HEATH
ASTER. Day (1888). Eckel 1101985, 1985.
Aster laevis L. SMOOTH
ASTER. Day (1888). Downriver section of DeVeaux woods, Eckel 182285, 1985.
Aster lateriflorus (L.)
Britt. CALICO ASTER. Downriver section of DeVeaux woods, Eckel 52285, 1985.
Aster macrophyllus L.
BIGLEAF ASTER. Day (1888).
Aster novae-angliae L. NEW
ENGLAND ASTER. Downriver section of DeVeaux woods, Eckel 162285, 1985.
Aster patens Ait. var.
phlogifolius Nees Day (1888). "...but no corresponding specimen found in
Gen. Herb," Zenkert (1934)
Aster ptarmicoides (Nees)
Torr. and Cray. UPLAND WHITE ASTER. Near DeVeaux College. A species not common
in our region, but here rather abundant," Day (1888).
Aster sagittifolius Willd.
ARROW-LEAVED ASTER. Eckel 122285, 1985,
Aster simplex Willd. TALL
WHITE ASTER. Day (1888).
Astragalus canadensis L.
CANADIAN MILK-VETCH. "Near DeVeaux College, above Whirlpool, 1896 (Miss
Wright), Zenkert (1934).
Aureolaria flava (L.)
Farwell. SMOOTH FALSE FOXGLOVE. Day (1888
Aureolaria virginica (L.)
Pennell. DOWNY FALSE FOXGLOVE. "DeVeaux woods, above Whirlpool," (Miss
Wright, 1897; Johnson, 1924), Zenkert 1934.
Barbarea vulgaris R. Br.
WINTER CRESS. Single plant, Eckel 3453185, 1985. Alien.
Berberis thunbergii D.C.
Eckel 145,3185, 1985. Alien.
Bromus ciliatus L. FRINGED
BROME. Day (1888).
Bromus latiglumis (Shear)
Hitchc. TALL WOOD CHESS. Zenkert (1934).
Bromus purgans L. HAIRY
WOOD CHESS. Zenkert (1934).
Camptosorus rhizophyllus
(L.) Link. WALKING FERN. Day (1888).
Carex eburnea Boott.
BRISTLE-LEAVED SEDGE. Day (1888).
Carex laziflora var.
plantiginea Boott. Day (1888
Carex platyphylla Carey.
Day (1888).
Carez straminea Willd.
STRAW SEDGE. Day 1888). Listed as rare by Zander & Pierce (1979).
Carez virescens Muhl. DOWNY
GREEN SEDGE. Day (1888). Listed as rare by Zander & Pierce (1979).
Carya tomentosa (Poir.)
Nutt. MOCKERNUT. Day (1888). Listed as rare by Zander & Pierce (1979).
Castanea dentata (Marsh.)
Borkh. Day (1888). Not observed in 1985, Eckel.
Ceanothus americanus L. NEW
JERSEY TEA. Zenkert (1934).Day (1888).
Chelidonium majus L.
CELANDINE. Eckel 2953185, 1985. Alien.
Chimaphila umbellata (L.)
Bart. PIPSISSEWA. Day (1888).
Circaea quadrisulcata var.
canadenis (L.) Hara, ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE. Abundant in both sections of
DeVeaux woods, Eckel 242285, 1985.
Cirsium hillii (Canby)
Fern. PASTURE THISTLE. Day (1888).
Cirsium pumilum (Nutt.)
Spreng. PASTURE THISTLE. Day (1888). "The accuracy Of the report of
this species from the Buffalo region has been questioned (See Rhodora 24: 88.
1922.)," Zenkert (1934). Listed as rare by Zander & Pierce (1979).
Conopholis americana (L.)
Wallr. CANCER ROOT. Four separate healthy colonies beneath mature Red Oak, Eckel
2543185, 1985. "Infrequent.... Abundant near DeVeaux College above
Whirlpool," enkert (1934). Zenkert, July 16, 1932.
Convolvulus sepium L, HEDGE
BINDWEED. Day (1888).
Cornua alternifolia L.f.
ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD. Eckel 290685, 1985.
Cornus florida L. FLOWERING
DOGWOOD. Day (1888). Rare in Canada; protected by New York State law, Argus
& White 1977.
Cornus racemosa Lam.
PANICLED DOGWOOD. Day (1888).
Cornus stolonifera Michx.
RED OSIER DOGWOOD. Eckel 1953185, 1985.
Corylus cornuta Marsh.
BEAKED HAZELNUT. Day (1888).
Cynoglossum boreale Fernald.
NORTHERN WILD COMFREY. Day (1888).
Cypripedium calceolus var. pubescens
(Willd.) Correll. SMALL YELLOW LADIES SLIPPER. Day (1888). Protected by New York
State law, Zander & Pierce (1979).
Cystopteris fragilis (L.)
Bernh. BRITTLE BLADDER FERN. Day (1888).
Dactylis glomerata L.
ORCHARD GRASS. Eckel 1985. Alien.
Danthonia spicata (L.)
Beauv. POVERTY DANTHONIA. Day (1W).
Dentaria laciniata Muhl.
Eckel, April 23, 1982.
Deschampsia flexuosa (L.)
Trin. COMMON HAIR GRASS. Day (1888). Listed as rare by Zander & Pierce
(1979).
Desmodium dillenii Darl.
DILLEN'S TICK TREFOIL. Day OW).
Desmodium glutinosum
(Muhl.)
Wood. STICKY TICK TREFOIL. Day (1M).
Desmodium nudiflorum
(L.)
DC. NAKED-FLOWERED TICK TREFOIL. Day, 1888.
Desmodium paniculatum (L.)
DC. PANICLED TICK TREFOIL. Day (1888).
Desmodium rotundifolium (Michx.)
DC. ROUND-LEAVED TICK TREFOIL. Day (1888). Marrion Jessup Wright, July 14, 1897.
Disporum lanuginosum (Michx.)
Nichols. YELLOW MANDARIN. DeVeaux College Woods, Suspension Bridge. E.C.Townsend,
May 8, 1896.
Elymus villosus Muhl.
SLENDER WILD RYE. Day (1888). Marion Jessup Wright,
July 14, 1897.
Epilobium angustifolium L.
WILLOW HERB. Day (1888).
Erythronium americanum Ker.
ADDERS' TONGUE. Eckel 1353185, 1985.
Euonymus obovatus Nutt.
RUNNING STRAWBERRY BUSH. Several fine patches in the upriver woods, Eckel
250685, 1985. Protected by New York State law, Zander & Pierce, 1979.
Fagus grandifolia, Ehrh.
AMERICAN BEECH. Mature specimens, with saplings, Eckel 260685, 1985.
Festuca obtusa Biehler.
NODDING FESCUE. Day (1888).
Fragaria vesca L. AMERICAN
WOOD STRAWBERRY. Eckel, 1053185, 1985.
Galium boreale L. NORTHERN
BEDSTRAW. Day (1888). Zenkert (1934). Marion Jessup Wright, June 1, 1896.
Galium lanceolatum Torr.
LANCELEAF WILD LICORICE. Day (1888).
Galium pilosum Ait. HAIRY
BEDSTRAW. Day (1888). Listed as rare by Zander &
Pierce (1979).
Galium triflorum Michx.
SWEETSCENTED BEDSTRAW. Day (1888). Zenkert, 1934.
Geranium maculatum L.
SPOTTED GERANIUM. Eckel 1453185, 1985.
Geranium robertianum L.
HERB ROBERT. Eckel 172285, 1985.
Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl.
SLENDER GERARDIA. Day (1888).
Glechoma hederacea L. GILL
OVER THE GROUND. Eckel 1653185, 1985. Alien.
Gleditsia triacanthos L.
HONEY LOCUST. Weedy section of the woods, Eckel 112285, 1985. Alien.
Gnaphalium obtusifolium L.
CUDWEED. Day (1888).
Hamamelis virginiana L.
WITCHHAZEL. Eckel 1985. Day (1888). The single specimen seen in the
up-river section of the woods is the only one I've seen throughout the American
Niagara Gorge south of Artpark, Lewiston, Eckel 3353185, 1985.
Helianthus strumosus L.
PALE-LEAVED SUNFLOWER. Day (1888).
Hesperis matronalis L.
DAME’S ROCKET. Eckel 2853185, 1985. Alien.
Hieracium canadense Michx.
CANADA HAWKWEED. Day (1M).
Hieracium paniculatum L.
PANICLED HAWKWEED. Day (1888). Listed as rare by Zander & Pierce (1979).
Hieracium scabrum Michx.
ROUGH HAWKWEED. Day (1888).
Houstonia canadensis Willd.
FRINGED HOUSTONIA. Marion Jessup Wright, June 1, 1896.
Hybanthus concolor (R.
Forster) Spreng. GREEN VIOLET. (Miss Wright, 1896), Zenkert (1934). Listed
as rare by Zander & Pierce (1979).
Hydrophyllum virginicum L.
VIRGINIA WATER LEAF. Eckel 5853185, 1985.
Juglans nigra L. BLACK
WALNUT. Day (1888).
Juncus tenuis Willd.
POVERTY RUSH. Along the path in the downriver section of the woods, Eckel
282285, 1985.
Lathyrus ochroleucua Hook.
CREAM-COLORED VETCHLING. Elizabeth C. Rochester, May 25, 1889.
Lepidium campestre (L.) R.
Br. FIELD PEPPER GRASS. Eckel 2653185, 1985. Alien.
Lespedeza capitata Michx.
ROUND-HEADED BUSHCLOVER. Day (1888). Zenkert (1934).
Lespedeza virginica (L.)
Britton Day (1888).
Liatris cylindracea Michx.
BLAZING STAR. Day (1888). Listed as rare by Zander & Pierce 1979).
Lilium philadelphicum L.
FIRE LILY. Day (1888). Protected by New York State law, Zander & Pierce
(1979).
Lithospermum latifolium
Michx. BROAD-FRAGRANT LEAVED GROMWELL. Day (1888). Listed as rare by Zander
& Pierce (1979).
Lonicera oblongifolia
(Goldie) Hooker. SWAMP FLY HONEYSUCKLE. Eckel 2453185, 1985. Listed as rare by
Zander & Pierce (1979).
Lonicera tatarica L.
TARTARIAN HONEYSUCKLE. "Well established," Day (1888). Eckel, 3753185,
1985. Alien.
Lunaria annua L. HONESTY.
Eckel 2853185, 1985. Listed as rare in Zander & Pierce, 1979, but perhaps is
best viewed as an ephemeral.
Luzula acuminata Raf. HAIRY
WOOD-RUSH . Day (IM).
Luzuta campestris DC. FIELD
WOOD-RUSH. Day (1W).
Lysimachia ciliata L.
FRINGED LOOSESTRIFE. Marion Jessup Wright, July 14, 1897.
Melampyrum lineare var. americanum
(Michx.) Beauverd COW-WHEAT. Day (1888).
Morus alba L. WHITE
MULBERRY. Downriver section, Eckel 222285, 1985. Alien.
Morus rubra L. RED
MULBERRY. Day (1888).
Orpzopsis asperifolia Mchx.
MOUNTAIN RICE. Day (1M). "DeVeaux College Woods, Suspension Bridge,"
E. C. Townsend, May 22, 1896.
Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.)
DC. LONGSTYLED SWEET CICELY. Eckel 1753185, 1985.
Ostrya virginiana (Nfill.)
K. Koch. AMERICAN HOP-HORNBEAM. Eckel 1985.
Panicum dichotomum L.
FORKED PANICUM. Day (1888). "Rocky open woods overlooking Niagara Gorge
near DeVeaux College on limestone," F. W. Johnson, Sept. 8, 1924.
Panicum latifolium L.
BROADLEAVED PANICUM. Day (1888).
Panicum virgatum L. SWITCH
GRASS. "Dry places near DeVeaux College. he latter an unusual situation,"
Day (1888).
Barthenocissus quinquefolia
(L.) Planch. VIRGINIA CREEPER. Eckel 1553185, 1985.
Pellaea atropurpurea (L.)
Link. PURPLE CLIFF BRAKE. Day (1888). Listed as rare by Zander & Pierce
(1979). Protected by New York State law, Zander & Pierce (1979). Probably
extirpated through overpicking, etc.
Pinus strobus L. WHITE
PINE. "Goat Island a few specimens. More plentiful and of larger growth
near DeVeaux College and below," Day (IM). No specimens observed in 1985,
Eckel.
Poa alsodes Gray. GROVE
MEADOW GRASS. Day (1888).
Poa languida Hitchc. TORREY
BLUEGRASS. Day (1888).
Podophyllum peltatum L.
MAYAPPLE. Some patches in downriver section DeVeaux woods, Eckel 262285,
1985.
Polygala senega L. SENECA
SNAKEROOT. 1897 Mm Wright, Zenkert, 1934. Listed as rare by Zander & Pierce
(1979).
Polygala verticillata L.
Day (18M).
Polypodium vulgare L. var.
virginianum (L.) Eat. COMMON POLYPODY. Day (18M). Protected by New York State
law, Zander & Pierce, 1979.
Polystichum acrostichoides
(Mchx.) Schott. CHRISTMAS FERN. Day, 1888.
Populus alba L. WHITE
POPLAR. Day (1888). Alien. No example seen, Eckel, 1985.
Potentilla argentea L.
SILVERY CINQUEFOIL. Day (1888).
Potentilla canadensis L.
OLDFIELD CINQUEFOIL. var. simplex Torr. & Gray. Day (1888).
Prunus serotina L. BLACK
CHERRY. Several fine trunks, Eckel 5053185, 1985.
Prunus virginiana L. COMMON
CHOKECHERRY. Day (1988).
Pteridium aquilinum var.
latiusculum (Desv.) Underw. ex Heller EASTERN BRACKEN FERN. Day (1888. Marion
Jessup Wright, July 14, 1897.
Pycnanthemum virginianum
(L). Dur. & Jack. VIRGINIA MOUNTAIN MINT. Zenkert (1934).
Pyrola rotundifolia var. americana
(Sweet) Fernald. ROUND-LEAVED PYROLA. Day (1888).
Pyrola secunda L.
ONE-SEEDED PYROLA. Day (1888).
Quercua alba L. WHITE OAK.
"Goat Island; but more abundant near DeVeaux College," Day (1888).
One old specimen seen on the College grounds; not a part of the woods, Eckel,
1985.
Quercus borealis var. maxima
(Marsh.) Ashe. NORTHERN RED OAK. Magnificent stands in DeVeaux woods with other
specimens of comparable age and girth along the escarpment at the Canadian
Falls. Eckel 1985.
Quercus velutina Lam. BLACK
OAK. Day (1888).
Ranunculus fascicularis
Muhl. EARLY BUTTERCUP. Day (1888). 1896 C. E. Townsend, Zenkert (1934). Listed
as rare by Zander & Pierce (1979).
Ranunculus hispidus Mchx.
HISPID BUTTERCUP. E. C. Townsend, May 8, 1896. Listed as rare by Zander &
Pierce (1979).
Rhamnus cathartica L.
COMMON BUCKTHORN. Downriver section DeVeaux woods, Eckel 202285, 1985. Listed as
rare by Zander & Pierce (1979). Alien.
Rhus aromatica Ait.
AROMATIC SUMAC. Day (1888). "DeVeaux College Woods," Marion Jessup
Wright, July 14, 1897.
Rhus radicans L. POISON
IVY. Eckel 3253185, 1985.
Rhus typhina L. STAGHORN
SUMAC. Along weedy, open fence between the two woods sections, Eckel, 1985.
Ribes americanum Mlle.
Eckel 1253185, 1985.
Robinia pseudoacacia L.
BLACK LOCUST. Along weedy, open fence between the two woods sections, Eckel
102285, 1985. Alien.
Rosa carolina L. CAROLINA
ROSE. Zenkert (1934).
Rubus odoratus L. FLOWERING
RASPBERRY. Eckel 110785, 1985.
Salvia officinalis L.
"Established in the edge of a wood near DeVeaux College ... opposite the
Whirlpool, far from cultivation, and spreading," Day (1882). Alien.
Sambucus pubens Michx.
RED-BERRIED ELDER. Eckel 3153185, 1985.
Sanguinaria canadensis L.
BLOOD ROOT. Downriver section, Eckel, 1985. Protected by New York State law,
Zander & Pierce, 1979.
Saxifraga virginiensis
Michx. VIRGINIA SAXIFRAGE. Day (1888).
Scirpus verecundus Fern.
WOOD-CLUB RUSH. Day (1888). Listed as rare by Zander & Pierce (1979), and
probably absent from the flora due to eradication of original habitat.
Sedum telephinum L.
LIVEFOREVER SEDUM. Day (1888). Alien.
Senecio pauperculus Michx.
GROUNDSEL. 1896, E.C.Townsend, Zenkert, 1934. Day (1888). Listed as rare by
Zander & Pierce (1979).
Shepherdia canadensis Nutt.
CANADIAN BUFFALOBERRY. Marion Jessup Wright, May 1, 1898.
Silene antirrhina L. SLEEPY
CATCHFLY. Day (1888).
Sisyrinchium angustifolium
Mill. COMMON BLUE-EYED GRASS. Day (1888).
Smilacina racemosa (L.)
Desf. FALSE SOLOMON'S SEAL. Downriver section of DeVeaux woods, Eckel 232285,
1985.
Smilax herbacea L. CARRION
FLOWER. Day (1888).
Solanum dulcamara L. BITTER
NIGHTSHADE. Eckel 1553185, 1985. Alien.
Solidago bicolor L. SILVER
GOLDENROD. Day (1888).
Solidago caesia L. WREATH
GOLDENROD. Day (1888).
Solidago flexicaulis L.
ZIGZAG GOLDENROD. The most abundant goldenrod in the wooded areas of the Niagara
Gorge, Eckel 62285, 1985.
Solidago hispidula Muhl.
Day (18M). Excluded from the Niagara Frontier flora by Zander & Pierce
(1979).
Solidago rigida L. STIFF
GOLDENROD. Day (1888). Listed as rare by Zander & Pierce (1979).
Sonchus oleraceus L. SOW
THISTLE. Downriver section DeVeaux woods, Eckel 192285, 1985. Alien.
Sorbus aucuparia L.
EUROPEAN MOUNTAIN ASH. Downriver section, Eckel 142285, 1985. Alien.
Sorghastrum nutans (L.)
Nash INDIAN GRASS. Day (1888).
Spiraea latifolia (Ait.)
Borkh. BROAD-LEAVED MEADOW-SWEET. Zenkert, 1934. Listed as rare by Zander &
Pierce (1979).
Symphorocarpus albus (L.)
Blake. COMMON SNOWBERRY. Day (1888).
Taenidia integerrima (L.)
Drude. YELLOW PIMPERNEL. Day (1888). Population less than three, downriver
section, Eckel 272285,1985.
Taraxacum officinale Weber
DANDELION. Eckel 1153185, 1985. Alien.
Thalictrum dioicum L. EARLY
MEADOW RUE. Downriver section, Eckel 212285, 1985.
Thaspium barbinode (Michx.)
Nutt. HAIRY-JOINTED MEADOW PARSNIP. Day (1888). E. C. Townsend, May 22, 1896.
Thuja occidentalis L.
EASTERN ARBORVITAE. Day (1888). Not seen, Eckel 1985.
Tilia americana L.
BASSWOOD. Eckel 252285, 1985.
Triosteum perfoliatum L.
Day (1888).
Uvularia grandiflora Sm.
LARGE-FLOWERED BELLWORT. Eckel 2153185, 1985.
Vaccinium stamineum L.
DEERBERRY. Day (1888).
Viburnum acerifolium L.
MAPLE-LEAVED ARROW WOOD. Day (1888).
Viburnum opulue L. HIGH
CRANBERRY. Eckel 3653185, 1985.
Viburnum rafinesquianum
Schult. RAFINESQUE VIBURNUM. Day (1888).
Vinca minor L. MYRTLE.
Eckel 2053185, 1985. Introduced; alien.
Viola cucullata Ait. MARSH
BLUE VIOLET. Eckel 2653185, 1985
Viola odorata L. ENGLISH
VIOLET. Eckel April 23, 1982. Alien.
Vitis riparia Michx. RIVER
GRAPE. Eckel 152285,1985.
A few generalizations: no ferns
were found in DeVeaux woods in 1985. The only cryptogams found were the mosses Fiisidens
taxifolius and Amblystegium serpens on open, shaded soil. Some of the
ferns listed above require limestone boulders of some sort on which to grow, and
few such boulders were present.
Alien species derived from
gardens are: herbs –Acalypha rhomboidea, Chelidonium majus, Glechoma hederacea,
Hesperis matronalis, Lunaria annua, Vinca minor, Viola odorata; and, confined to
the woods margins: shrubs and trees - Berberii thunbergii, Lonicera tartarica,
Morus alba, Rhamnus cathartica and Sorbus aucuparia. Of alien origin and
constituting noxious weeds, also at the woods margin, are Alliaria
officinalis, Arctium minor, Barbarea vulgaris, Dactylis glomerata, Lepidium
campestre, Solanum dulcamara, Sonchus oleraceus, and Taraxacum offinale.
Plants uncollected and
unidentified due to absence of fruit or flowers: an interesting spring,
mat-forming species (Hydrocotyle?), blackberry (Rubus),
gooseberry (Ribes), an orchid in the downriver section, a vine (Apios?),
a hickory (Carya), an elm (Ulmus) species, ash (Fraxinus
americana?) species, several woodland (Carices, etc.
The most spectacular element of the forest (in a region of spectacular
natural features) are the old Red Oaks (Quercus borealis var. maximus),
some of them over nine feet in circumference, breast height. These Oaks tower
above all the other trees, forcing the maples, beeches and black cherries, etc.
into their shade. Red Oaks are present throughout the Niagara Gorge flora, and
trunks of similar circumference may be met with at the base of the escarpment in
the Queen Victoria Park, Niagara Falls, Ontario. All Red Oaks I have encountered
in the Gorge flora, Canadian and American sides, are infested in their canopies
by defoliating insects: either Pin Oak Sawfly (Caliroa lineata), or
Fall Cankerwom (Alsophila pometaria) - neither of which are deadly to
the life of the tree. In DeVeaux Woods, a more critical problem may be occurring
in the root systems of its Red Oaks, and only trained landscape or forestry
personnel can adequately analyze the situation, and recommend appropriate
treatment. This treatment should not include cutting any trees in DeVeaux woods.
Such removal of trees will expose deep-woods tolerant species to environmental
stress, and competition with noxious weeds, which I have already mentioned, now
growing on the borders of the woods. The destruction of the present, unique and
historically significant character of the woodlands would be assured.
The drier, warmer edaphic situation presented by dolomite bedrock with its
fracture-solution characteristics that affect rapid water depletion from soils
where the bedrock comes close to the surface has produced a situation in which
Oak-Hickory woodlands can compete with the typical Beech-Maple woodlands of our
region. The absence of Oak seedlings or saplings in DeVeaux Woods, and the
presence of young trees of presently subdominant species, such as Maples,
indicates that the Oaks are yielding to the more typical (climax) forest
association. If the Oak woodland is not a climax woodland, then an interesting
question comes to mind: did a Maple-Beech woods precede this Oak one? Does the
fact of Oak dominants on limestone substrates in Maple-Beech climax regions
always indicate a preceding forest demise (e.g. through fire?). Can one give an
approximate date for such a demise by dating the age of Oak trees
(ring-counting)? For example, if the great Oaks of DeVeaux woods are more or
less 150 years old, may one speculate that the primeval woods disappeared (were
burned, logged, clear-cut) in the first half of the eighteenth century? At any
rate, if DeVeaux woods is not generally a primal woodland, it is a replacement
forest brought to a perfection of forest succession.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Day, David F.
1882. The plants of Buffalo and its vicinity: Series 1, Phsenogsmae. Bull.
Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 4(3): 66-152.
- - - - - - -- 1887. Catalogue
of the Niagara Flora. Annual Report of the Commission for the State Reservation
at Niagara for the Year 1887, pp. 67-133. Also reprinted as a pamphlet, Troy,
N.Y., 1888. The pamphlet has been consulted for this list.
Zander, R. H. & G. Pierce.
1979. Flora of the Niagara Frontier Region, Second Supplement and Checklist.
Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Vol. 16 (Suppl. 2),
Buffalo, N.Y.
Zenkert, C. A. 1934. The Flora
of the Niagara Frontier Region. Ferns and Flowering Plants of Buffalo, N.Y. and
Vicinity. Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. Vol. 16. Buffalo,
N.Y.
(Publication of
this Supplement was funded by the Buffalo Museum of Science.)
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